History of Alexandria Ancient and Medieval Period

Founded in 332 B.C. by Alexander the Great, Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis (q.v.) as a Greek centre in Egypt, and to be the link between Macedonia and the rich Nile Valley. If such a city was to be on the Egyptian coast, there was only one possible site, behind the screen of the Pharos island and removed from the silt thrown out by Nile mouths. An Egyptian townlet, Rhacotis, already stood on the shore and was a resort of fishermen and pirates. Behind it (according to the Alexandrian treatise, known as pseudo-Callisthenes) were five native villages scattered along the strip between Lake Mareotis and the sea. Alexander occupied Pharos, and had a walled city marked out by Deinocrates on the mainland to include Rhacotis. A few months later he left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city; but his corpse was ultimately entombed there. His viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the creation of Alexandria. The Heptastadium, however, and the mainland quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the centre of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a century to be larger than Carthage; and for some centuries more it had to acknowledge no superior but Rome. It was a centre not only of Hellenism but of Semitism, and the greatest Jewish city in the world. There the Septuagint was produced. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Greek university; but they were careful to maintain the distinction of its population into three nations, Macedonian (i.e. Greek), Jew and Egyptian. From this division arose much of the later turbulence which began to manifest itself under Ptolemy Philopater. Nominally a free Greek city, Alexandria retained its senate to Roman times; and indeed the judicial functions of that body were restored by Septimius Severus, after temporary abolition by Augustus. The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 B.C., according to the will of Ptolemy Alexander: but it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years previously. There Julius Caesar dallied with Cleopatra in 47 B.C. and was mobbed by the rabble; there his example was followed by Antony, for whose favour the city paid dear to Octavian, who placed over it a prefect from the imperial household. Alexandria seems from this time to have regained its old prosperity, commanding, as it did, an important granary of Rome. This latter fact, doubtless, was one of the chief reasons which induced Augustus to place it directly under the imperial power. In A.D. 215 the emperor Caracalla visited the city; and, in order to repay some insulting satires that the inhabitants had made upon him, he commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. This brutal order seems to have been carried out even beyond the letter, for a general massacre was the result. Not withstanding this terrible disaster, Alexandria soon recovered its former splendour, and for some time longer was esteemed the first city of the world after Rome. Even as its main historical importance had formerly sprung from pagan learning, so now it acquired fresh importance as a centre of Christian theology and church government. There Arianism was formulated and there Athanasius, the great opponent of both heresy and pagan rcaction, worked and triumphed. As native influences, however, began to reassert themselves in the Nile valley, Alexandria gradually became an alien city, more and more detached from Egypt; and, losing much of its commerce as the peace of the empire broke up during the 3rd century A.D., it declined fast in population and splendour. The Brucheum, and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century, and the central monuments, the Soma and Museum, fallen to ruin. This document is part of an article on Alexandria from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia that is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither N.S. Gill nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document. On the mainland life seems to have centred in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both become Christian churches: but the Pharos and Heptastadium quarters remained populous and intact. In 616 it was taken by Chosroes, king of Persia; and in 640 by the Arabians, under Amr, after a siege that lasted fourteen months, during which Heraclius, the emperor of Constantinople, did not send a single ship to its assistance. Notwithstanding the losses that the city had sustained, Amr was able to write to his master, the caliph Omar, that he had taken a city containing 4000 palaces, 4000 baths, 12,000 dealers in fresh oil, 12,000 gardeners, 40,000 Jews who pay tribute, 400 theatres or places of amusement. The story of the destruction of the library by the Arabs is first told by Bar-hebraeus (Abulfaragius), a Christian writer who lived six centuries later; and it is of very doubtful authority. It is highly improbable that many of the 700,000 volumes collected by the Ptolemies remained at the time of the Arab conquest, when the various calamities of Alexandria from the time of Caesar to that of Diocletian are considered, together with the disgraceful pillage of the library in A.D. 389 under the rule of the Christian bishop, Theophilus, acting on Theodosius decree concerning pagan monumcnts (see LIBRARIES: Ancient History). The story of Abulfaragius runs as follows:-- John the Grammarian, a famous Peripatetic philosopher, being in Alexandria at the time of its capture, and in high favour with Amr, begged that he would give him the royal library. Amr told him that it was not in his power to grant such a request, but promised to write to the caliph for his consent. Omar, on hearing the request of his general, is said to have replied that if those books contained the same doctrine with the Koran, they could be of no use, since the Koran contained all necessary truths; but if they contained anything contrary to that book, they ought to be destroyed; and therefore, whatever their contents were, he ordered them to be burnt. Pursuant to this order, they were distributed among the public baths, of which there was a large number in the city, where, for six months, they served to supply the fires. Shortly after its capture Alexandria again fell into the hands of the Greeks, who took advantage of Amrs absence with the greater portion of his army. On hearing what had happened, however, Amr returned, and quickly regained possession of the city. About the year 646 Amr was deprived of his government by the caliph Othman. The Egyptians, by whom Amr was greatly beloved, were so much dissatisfied by this act, and even showed such a tendency to revolt, that the Greek emperor determined to make an effort to reduce Alexandria. The attempt proved perfectly successful. The caliph, perceiving his mistake, immediately restored Amr, who, on his arrival in Egypt, drove the Greeks within the walls of Alexandria, but was only able to capture the city after a most obstinate resistance by the defenders. This so exasperated him that he completely demolished its fortifications, although he seems to have spared the lives of the inhabitants as far as lay in his power. Alexandria now rapidly declined i n importance. The building of Cairo in 969, and, above all, the discovery of the route to the East by the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, nearly ruined its commerce; the canal, which supplied it with Nile water, became blocked; and although it remained a principal Egyptian port, at which most European visitors in the Mameluke and Ottoman periods landed, we hear little of it until about the beginning of the 19th century. Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleons Egyptian expedition of 1798. The French troops stormed the city on the 2nd of July 1798, and it remained in their hands until the arrival of the British expedition of 1801. The battle of Alexandria, fought on the 21st of March of that year, between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby, took place near the ruins of Nicopohs, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Aboukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Aboukir on the 8th and Mandora on the 13th. This document is part of an article on Alexandria from the 1911 edition of an encyclopedia that is out of copyright here in the U.S. The article is in the public domain, and you may copy, download, print and distribute this work as you see fit. Every effort has been made to present this text accurately and cleanly, but no guarantees are made against errors. Neither N.S. Gill nor About may be held liable for any problems you experience with the text version or with any electronic form of this document.

The Modern Day American Culture - 1038 Words

In modern day American culture; American citizens have become ignorant to many issues that affect people globally. Unless it seems to directly affect them people tend to be completely apathetic to gaining new knowledge of foreign occurrences, and why would they? America has fallen into an age of egocentrism in which it fails to consider the problems many people globally face, those issues which are considered unimportant or irrelevant by media sources country-wide. The ineptitude of Americas populous on issues of foreign economical and geopolitical matters is astounding. While our focus has been so concentrated in places where we are not needed, and have been repeatedly told we are not wanted, there have been many in need that have been brushed over. How is American egocentrism harmful to others? This question has been brought up many times, and can be safe to say that American cultures value of itself over others can be very harmful to many groups worldwide that don’t get much recognition. A quote taken from The Narcissism Experiment says, â€Å"The United States is currently suffering from an epidemic of narcissism.† (Campbell, Twenge) This has become increasingly true in the past couple decades, and Americans as a whole have started to become blind the problems people of the world tend to face every day. The story of Memory Banda, who has had experiences few outside her country would understand in the way she does, is one of these cases. For many people in America â€Å"I willShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Message of Hope in Love Medicine1005 Words   |  5 Pagespopular stereotypes of American Indians. The novel generally follows the history of a family of Chippewa Indians who live on and off a reservation. 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The left is depicted through three hunter-gatherers with tools and performing culturalRead MoreThe Native American Tribes Culture1440 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Native American tribes’ culture has been affected as a result of the change in a climate whereby most of the refined foods are not consumed by the modern and the manufactured foods. The Native Americans of the American Indian, Alaska and the Bannock tribes face unique challenges whereby their native foods are no more due to the destruction of their cultural practices, and people have turned into taking the modern food (Marry, 2016). The climate change has led to the loss ofRead MoreThe Destruction Of A Culture1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe Destruction of a Culture The United States is the largest immigrant receiving country in the world. A number of people with different cultures are moving to the United States every day. Therefore, American culture is a diverse mix of customs and traditions from almost every region of the world. However, any culture with the value of the traditions and beliefs can be greatly weakened when introduced to a new and overpowering culture. It happens quite frequently to families that move to a new city

Beloved Essay Flashbacks Essay Example For Students

Beloved Essay: Flashbacks Essay Toni Morrisons novel Beloved swims like a garden pond full of minnows with thoughts and memories of days gone by. Each memory is like a drop of water, and when one person brings up enough drops, a trickle of a stream is formed. The trickles make their way down the shallow slopes and inclines, pushing leaves, twigs, and other barriers out of the way, leaving small bits of themselves behind so their paths can be traced again. There is a point, a vertex, a lair, where many peoples streams unite in a valley, in the heart of a pebble lined brook, and it is here that their trickles of days gone by fuse with each other, and float hand in hand until they ultimately settle to form the backyard pond. By unveiling her pond drop by drop, memory by memory, Morrison allows us to travel down the paths that converged together to create the story of Beloved. When an author uses a direct path to a story the readers tend to dismiss the unknown past of the characters, focusing instead on their forthcoming depicted futures. In Beloved however, the reader is forced to take trips back to the past, which help tie together the relationships of today. The repetitive nature of the narration also allows the reader to assimilate portions of the text that were inevidently connected to form an entwined net of relationships. For example, each time a new character is introduced, you are brought back into the memory of another character, to identify the new comers relationship to the story. In most text, a new character would be simply introduced with their importance to the here and now of a story, instead of the shared history amongst other characters. Most history that is shared between characters in most books is history that writes itself during the course of the book, as opposed to the memories formed so long ago, that it takes a great deal of time to bring them back to the surface. In this manner, we are also always finding out new bits of the past in one character, that turn out to tie into the past of another. When a person is given the opportunity to bring together that which they have just found out with previous information, a story is being conveyed. However, Morrison allows that information previously obtained be spun around to be the present, and new information be turned into the past. This happens in the most clarity in the book when Beloved brings us into her world where her present narratives turn out to be her yesterdays before her arrival at 124. This new information helps the reader to understand more of where she is coming from, and why her actions are as they are today. When new information is given that relates to earlier in the book over and over again, it makes the reader want to go back and start over, and to allow themselves to catch what floated past them the first time. Missed ideas like these are introduced throughout the duration of the book. As an example, the first sentence in each of the parts begins with a note of the state of the house. 124 was spiteful, 124 was load, 124 was quit.. (3,207, and 293 respectively) The first two times this is brought up, it is easy to glance over it, but by the third time, it is obvious that it not only has relevance, but it gives a glimpse into the chapter ahead. Another thing that is eluded to multiple times is the significance of trees. .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 , .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .postImageUrl , .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 , .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:hover , .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:visited , .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:active { border:0!important; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:active , .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79 .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bd279d93093db78ac351001c79bdb79:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beyond The Chocolate War EssayIm sure this isnt an intricate part of the story, but a reoccurring theme none the less. Denver finds her peace in her Emerald Closet, while Paul D and Sethe find their freedom by following the trees. The horror of Sweet Home is masked in much of Sethes memory by how beautiful the trees were, and the terrible scar on her back is referred to as a cherry tree, full of life and beauty. It is images like these that characters memories draw for us, images that might not have been alluded to if their memories werent tapped. I think that the most wonderful part of Beloved, however, maybe very well be that just when you think a character has told you everything from their past that could possibly lead you up to their future, a new trickle of memories seems to begin to flow, and drop by drop, you begin to connect new parts of their past to their futures. That drop by drop, a dried up spring can return once again to its pebble-lined stream. A stream that comes together to make a pond worth looking into time and time again, because along with each new drop of water comes a new ripple to the surface, and new meaning behind depths.

Lacoste Brand

Lacoste is a luxury brand that has mostly relies on online distribution channels for its marketing and public relations exercises. Through this online strategy, Lacoste is able to maintain its position as a luxury brand. Direct channel marketing in Lacoste’s case involves use of various tennis and golf personalities, a strategy that has been a trademark of the brand since its inception.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Lacoste Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the brand ventures into online marketing in the late 1990s in a bid to remain a relevant trendsetting brand. Although some of the brand’s merchandise can be found in departmental stores, its most exclusive items are only available to consumers through its website. As a luxury brand, Lacoste enjoys both advantages and disadvantages of direct channel marketing. One advantage of direct channel marketing is that it helps maintain th e status of Lacoste as a luxury brand. All potential customers are aware of where they can access the luxury brand’s items. Use of retailers makes the brand more visible and easily accessible but it also has the potential to make it a household name thereby eliminating its exclusivity. Direct channel marketing also helps Lacoste to avoid high instances of bootlegging that are often associated with other luxury brands. It is common knowledge that some luxury brands such as ‘Dolce N Gabana’, Chanel, and Gucci among others are often the target of counterfeiters. The reason for this vulnerability is that these are easily accessible through the ordinary retail channels. Therefore, customers are not able to verify the manufacturer’s signature distribution channels when they are purchasing these items. On the other hand, Lacoste’s most exclusive and pricy items are often sold through its website and customers are assured of the brand’s quality when they make purchases through this channel. Direct channels also give Lacoste a global reach at a low cost. For instance, 90% of Lacoste’s total purchases are from countries outside France. In addition, the company has presence in over 114 countries around the world (Lacoste, 2015). Direct channel marketing enables a company to â€Å"connect consumers with its product, especially via a web-based channel†¦.most importantly, web-based selling has low overhead and gives a product a potentially global reach (Kapferer, 2012). In this day and age, direct channel distribution comes with a convenience that is better than that of indirect channels. Consequently, a direct channel means that consumers can be able to access Lacoste’s product anytime of the day and also have them delivered to their doorsteps. As a luxury product, Lacoste also aims to give its customer’s ‘luxurious’ service through its online channels. Indirect channels deny Lacoste control o ver the level of service that is offered to its customers.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One disadvantage of using direct channels is that it denies Lacoste’s products a verifiable geographical reach. For instance, not all global consumers are conversant with online shopping. Consequently, Lacoste cannot realize its full market share through its current online forums. Lacoste’s direct channel strategies also mean that the company lacks the services of specialists in various fields (Nicolau, 2013). The company’s main goal is to achieve a certain level of quality in all its products in line with its croc logo. However, it is apparent that the company neglects other aspects of business such as marketing and web-design. For example, a quick glance at Lacoste’s website does not reflect the luxury aspect of the brand. Other similar luxury brands hav e done a better job in marketing and web design. Indirect channels can grant Lacoste access to various experts in fields such as marketing and branding. Luxury brands should only sell their brands online because their most prized asset is their brand names. Consequently, the ability to maintain brand integrity is a main priority for most brands. Online avenues eliminate the chances of proliferation of counterfeited products and increase consumers’ level of confidence. For example, if a certain product is never stocked in retail outlets, this would reduce the value of other similar fake products. Another reason why it is prudent to market luxury products online is that this avenue gives luxury products a global reach (Nicolau, 2013). In the information age, most luxury products are recognizable throughout the world. However, their access in the global front might be limited by the manufacturers’ choice of marketing channels. Marketing luxury products online does not red uce their ‘luxurious’ aspect of a certain product as it was earlier assumed. Some of the websites that specialize in luxury products utilize modern information-technology tools such as high-resolution imagery to maintain a high level of luxurious appeal. On the other hand, the retail market environment features several aspiring luxury brands. Consequently, a legitimate online luxury brand has an obvious advantage because it means the item has achieved a certain level of legitimacy. A luxury brand that sells products through online channels also means that manufacturers have an avenue of tracking consumer response and feedback. For example, some online shops allow users to post pictures of themselves sporting the items that they purchased. This avenue can also act as additional advertising in for a luxury brand. References Kapferer, N. (2012). The luxury strategy: break the rules of marketing to build luxury  brands. New York: Kogan Page Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Lacoste Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lacoste. (2015, November 15). Lacoste: What’s new. Retrieved from https://global.lacoste.com/en/lacoste/ Nicolau, L. (2013). Direct versus indirect channels: Differentiated loss aversion in a high-involvement, non-frequently purchased hedonic product. European Journal  of Marketing, 47(2), 260-278. This article on Lacoste Brand was written and submitted by user Reese Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Determine Concentration and Molarity

Determine Concentration and Molarity Molarity is one of the most common and important units of concentration used in chemistry. This concentration problem illustrates how to find the molarity of a solution if you know how much solute and solvent are present. Concentration and Molarity Example Problem Determine the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH in sufficient water to yield a 482 cm3 solution. How to Solve the Problem Molarity is an expression of the moles of solute (NaOH) per liter of solution (water). To work this problem, you need to be able to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and be able to convert cubic centimeters of a solution into liters. You can refer to the Worked Unit Conversions if you need more help. Step 1 Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that are in 20.0 grams. Look up the atomic masses for the elements in NaOH from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Na is 23.0H is 1.0O is 16.0 Plugging these values: 1 mol NaOH weighs 23.0 g 16.0 g 1.0 g 40.0 g So the number of moles in 20.0 g is: moles NaOH 20.0 g Ãâ€" 1 mol/40.0 g 0.500 mol Step 2 Determine the volume of solution in liters. 1 liter is 1000 cm3, so the volume of solution is: liters solution 482 cm3 Ãâ€" 1 liter/1000 cm3 0.482 liter Step 3 Determine the molarity of the solution. Simply divide the number of moles by the volume of solution to get the molarity: molarity 0.500 mol / 0.482 litermolarity 1.04 mol/liter 1.04 M Answer The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH to make a 482 cm3 solution is 1.04 M Tips for Solving Concentration Problems In this example, the solute (sodium hydroxide) and solvent (water) were identified. You may not always be told which chemical is the solute and which is the solvent. Often the solute is a solid, while the solvent is a liquid. Its also possible to make up solutions of gases and solids or of liquid solutes in liquid solvents.  In general, the solute is the chemical (or chemicals) present in smaller amounts. The solvent makes up most of the solution.  Molarity is concerned with the total volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. You can approximate molarity by dividing moles of solute by volume of solvent that is added, but this isnt correct and can lead to significant error when a large amount of solute is present.Significant figures can also come into play when reporting concentration in molarity. There will be a degree of uncertainty in the mass measurement of the solute. An analytical balance will yield a more precise measurement than weighing on a kitchen scale, fo r example. The glassware used to measure the volume of solvent also matters. A volumetric flask or graduated cylinder will yield a more precise value than a beaker, for example. Theres also an error in reading the volume, relating to the meniscus of the liquid. The number of significant digits in your molarity is only as many as that in your least precise measurement.

Pegomastax - Facts and Figures

Pegomastax - Facts and Figures Name: Pegomastax (Greek for thick jaw); pronounced PEG-oh-MAST-ax Habitat: Woodlands of southern Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (200 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and five pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Prominent fangs; short bristles on body About Pegomastax Some of the most notable dinosaur discoveries dont involve going out into the field with a shovel and pickax, but examining long-forgotten fossil specimens that have been filed away in dank museum basements. Thats the case with Pegomastax, which was recently named by Paul Sereno after he examined a neglected collection of fossils from southern Africa, which had been discovered in the early 1960s and stashed in Harvard Universitys extensive archives. Pegomastax was certainly an odd-looking dinosaur, at least by the standards of the early Mesozoic Era. About two feet long from head to tail, this close relative of Heterodontosaurus was equipped with a parrot-like beak studded by two prominent canines. The porcupine-like bristles that covered its body are reminiscent of the short, stiff, feathery protrusions of another herbivorous dinosaur, the late Jurassic Tianyulong, which was also an early ornithopod of the heterodontosaur family. Given its presumed plant-eating diet, why did Pegomastax have such sizable canines? Sereno speculates that this feature evolved not because Pegoamastax snacked occasionally on insects or rotting carcasses, but because it needed to a) defend itself against larger theropod dinosaurs and b) compete for the right to mate. If longer-toothed males were more likely to survive predation, and also more likely to attract females, you can see why natural selection would have favored Pegomastaxs fangs.

Explaining a recent innovation in your area of interest or expertise Research Paper

Explaining a recent innovation in your area of interest or expertise - Research Paper Example This is a process that has taken to task doctors and scientists worldwide. One of the major setbacks to this work was inadequate finances. Though this is and has been a global problem, states were not able to come together to pool resources so as to support the noble work that the scientists set out to do. It turned out that only few countries provided the financial support to this project, while others showed no interests in the on-going work, yet they too are affected by the virus. The accomplishment was nonetheless realized thanks to the support of the non-governmental organizations and other well-wishers (Grady, 1995). Another great challenge is the fact that the HIV virus replicates very fast, and once it attacks a CD4+ T cell, it quickly makes very many copies of itself. These copies infect other immune cells. Since it makes many copies of itself, it overwhelms the body’s immunity hence weakening the body. This is worsened by the fact that as the replication takes place, there is DNA sequence change that results into different strands of the virus. The vaccine developed should be able to help prevent all these strands. Unlike many other viruses that attack the human body, the primary target of the HIV virus is the immune system, particularly the CD4+ cells. The virus destroys these cells hence making it difficult for the body to protect itself from other infections, even subsequent HIV infections. The vaccine developed therefore has to work to strengthen the system so that the invading virus does not weaken the body, but is able to prepare it to fight off the virus, at the same time leaving the body strong. There are already in existence big companies that manufacture anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), the drugs currently used to contain the deadly virus. These companies are already making billions in this business and would therefore want to keep making money. An attempt to come up with vaccines is a threat to their business

12 YEARS A SLAVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 YEARS A SLAVE - Essay Example Additionally, the movie talks about the life of an enslaved educated Black man called Northup who later in life turned to abolish slavery in Louisiana. It is a fact that, many Black people have been killed and many have fought back against discrimination and sexual exploitation and these were the martyr’s who should be remembered according to Copleand. In the author’s eye, solidarity and unity is still a big issue for black people as they are mostly struggling to gain respect and acceptance within the white community. The book and film both tells us that, if one looks at history, many black people had taken the courage to fight for their rights and their effort should be taken as guidance by our community. In fact, black people are as valuable as white person from a religious perspective. In her book (Copeland,2010,pg.113) â€Å"Copeland’s theological anthropology assiduously reveals a carefully developed understanding of historic black bodies in relation to the body of Christ† The author in her book recommends that the history of martyr’s should lead the people to fight for solidarity and peace among each other. In the same way, the movie â€Å"Twelve Years of Slave† is a powerful one which communicates to the audience the life of a black slave. The movie is based on the book written by Solomon Northup where the experience of him as a slave is recounted. He was an educated man and stood firm against racial bias of white men in those times. This man can be taken as a role model as he was an educated and free man till his adult times but later turned in to freedom fighter for the slave community in Louisiana. His life was unusual as he was black person who got kidnapped and sold into slavery where he spent twelve long years in pain. Northup can be seen as a martyr as explained by Copeland and should be followed by new generation to find peace and solidarity in their

The Marketing Environment Essay Example for Free

The Marketing Environment Essay The marketing environment surrounds and impacts upon the organization. There are three key elements to the marketing environment which are the internal environment, the microenvironment and the macroenvironment. Why are they important? Well marketers build both internal and external relationships. Marketers aim to deliver value to satisfied customers, so we need to assess and evaluate our internal business/corporate environment and our external environment which is subdivided into micro and macro. Internal Environment The internal environment has already been touched upon by other lessons on marketing teacher. For example, the lessons on internal marketing and also on the functions within an organization give a good starting point to look at our internal environment. A useful tool for quickly auditing your internal environment is known as the Five Ms which are Men, Money, Machinery, Materials and Markets. Here is a really quick example using British Airways. Looking internally at men, British Airways employees pilots, engineers, cabin crew, marketing managers, etc. Money is invested in the business by shareholders and banks for example. Machinery would include its aircraft but also access to air bridges and buses to ferry passengers from the terminal to the aircraft. Materials for a service business like British Airways would be aircraft fuel called kerosene (although if we were making aircraft materials would include aluminium, wiring, glass, fabric, and so on). Finally markets which we know can be both internal and external. Some might include a sixth M, which is minutes, since time is a valuable internal resource.

Analysis of Dickinson’s Pain has an Element of Blank :: Element Blank

Analysis of Dickinson’s Pain has an Element of Blank      Although cryptic in language and structure, Dickinson gives her work an instinctually vivid sense of emotion.   Her examination of the feeling of pain focuses in on only a few of the subtler nuances of pain that are integral parts of the experience.   She draws in on an "Element of Blank" that she introduces in her opening line.   In exploring pain, she proposes that this "blankness" is a self-propagating force that is subject to the dynamic forces of time, history and perception, but only to an extent. Her first mention of "Pain" in the first line does not distinguish this particular emotion as being of a particular brand of pain.   She substitutes no other words for "pain."   By suggesting no other words for "pain," she chooses the most semantically encompassing term for the emotion.   She thus gives her work the responsibility of examining the collective, general breadth of "pain."   Her alternatives offer connotations that color her usage of "Pain": the sense of loss in "grief" and "mourning" or the sense of pity in "anguish" and "suffering."   She chooses the lexical vagueness of "Pain" to embrace all these facets of the emotion.    In introducing the "Element of Blank," it becomes the context that she thus examines pain.   The exact context of "Blank" possesses a vagueness that suggests its own inadequacy of solid definition.   Perhaps this sense of indefinition is the impression that this usage of "Blank" is meant to inspire.   In this context, this "blankness" is suggestive of a quality of empty unknowingness that is supported by the next few lines: "It cannot recollect When it begun."   This inability to remember raises a major problem with respect to the nature of "Pain;" namely whether Dickinson is choosing to personify "Pain" by giving it a human quality like memory, or is in fact negating the humanity of making it unable to remember.   Several lines below, she suggests that "Pain" does in fact possess some sort of limited sentient ability in recognizing "Its Past - enlightened to perceive."   It is very possible that it is the "Pain" that is being enlightened or perceiving. These conscious acts of giving "Pain" some sort of capacity of awareness personify "Pain" to some extent.    In continuation of "Pain's" inability to remember, She proceeds, "It cannot recollect When it begun - or if there were A time when it was not.

“In Praise of Cultural Imperialism” by David Rothkopf Essay

In the article, In Praise of Cultural Imperialism, David Rothkopf illustrates a progressive new world order where information is the new global currency and the United States, â€Å"the indispensable nation,† is the bank. In his article, Rothkopf contrasts the victimizing tendencies of ‘cultural barriers’, which are the unmistakably causing ethnic, religious, ideological, tribal or nationalistic conflicts, to the uniting tendencies of western globalization. Rothkopf predicts the inevitable merging of all the cultures under the common benefits originating from globalization once â€Å"they have realized that to compete in the global marketplace they must conform to the culture of that marketplace† The United States whose policies are evidently â€Å"the best model for the future† will lead this next step in civilization’s evolution, all the while making sure that â€Å"if common values are being developed, they be the values with which Americans are comfortable.† Rothkopf further states that it is in the US’s best interest â€Å"to encourage the development of a world in which the fault lines separating nations are bridged by shared interest† ultimately leading to a more peaceful and tolerant future: â€Å"Globalization is a vital step toward both a more stable world and better lives for the people in it.† Rothkopf, the former Deputy Undersecretary of the Commerce Department under the Clinton Administration and now the president of an international advisory firm, is also an adjunct professor of international and public affairs at Columbia University. Consequently, his views clearly demonstrate a pro-American capitalist’s stance on the issues pertaining to American economics, cultural imperialism and foreign policy. In his article, Rothkopf describes the power of culture and its influence over this new age global environment, with its power to â€Å"bind and to divide in a time when the tensions between integration and separation tug at every issue that is relevant to international relations.† Moreover, he claims that although critics of globalization may condemn the â€Å"homogenizing influences of globalization,† the effects of globalization are more consistently positive than negative. This is because globalization has an integrating dimension to it. Rothkopf believes that the â€Å"United States is in a position not only to lead in the 21st century as the dominant power of the Information Age, but to do so by breaking down the barriers that divide nations–and groups  within nations–and by building ties that create an ever greater reservoir of shared interests among an ever larger community if peoples† This â€Å"removal not only of cultural barriers but of many of the negative dimensions of culture† could only result in stability†¦right? Rothkopf views could be easily dismissed, as an arrogant fantasy-ridden interpretation of the future. However, although many cultures may not see the benefits of melting themselves into an existence that is in every aspect dominated by western values, the influence of American culture on the rest of the world is evident. Whether this influence will or has been completely positive has yet to be proven. Although Rothkopf believes that globalization is the key to a peaceful future whose culturally uniting fundamentals lie with the United States, he underestimates the complex nature of culture and its strength in relation to globalization. Culture is not something that can be simply defined as Webster’s Third New International Dictionary does, nor will it be easily moulded into a tool to be used for the expansion of American interests. Many cultures around the world, such as in the Muslim block, guard their culture and religion with their lives, for culture and religion are one in the same in Islam. As was illustrated on September 11th, many will even sacrifice their lives for causes they perceive threaten the existence of their culture/religion. Another aspect of globalization that Rothkopf does not develop is the apparent social stratification created by globalization. It is arguable that to sustain globalization, cheap labour must readily available. If undeveloped countries become developed and the poor majority become empowered, where will the cheap labour come from? Although Rothkopf may bring attention to the overbearing extension of American cultural values over the globe, he underestimates how the rest of the worlds’ varied and contrasting cultural values will effect the global environment. Consequently, his extremely biased perspectives undermine some of the more valid points of his article.

Accounting Test 2

Exam Chapters 3,4,7 Student: 1. Which of the following is the correct formula to compute the predetermined overhead rate? A. Estimated total units in the allocation base divided by estimated total manufacturing overhead costs. B. Estimated total manufacturing overhead costs divided by estimated total units in the allocation base. C. Actual total manufacturing overhead costs divided by estimated total units in the allocation base. D.Estimated total manufacturing overhead costs divided by actual total units in the allocation base.2. Which of the following would probably be the least appropriate allocation base for allocating overhead in a highly automated manufacturer of specialty valves? A. Machine-hours B. Power consumption C. Direct labor-hours D. Machine setups3. Which terms will make the following statement true? When manufacturing overhead is overapplied, the Manufacturing Overhead account has a __________ balance and applied manufacturing overhead is greater than __________ manufacturing overhead.A. debit, actual B. credit, actual C. debit, estimated D. credit, estimated4. Daguio Corporation uses direct labor-hours in its predetermined overhead rate. At the beginning of the year, the total estimated manufacturing overhead was $224,580. At the end of the year, actual direct labor-hours for the year were 18,200 hours, manufacturing overhead for the year was underapplied by $12,100, and the actual manufacturing overhead was $219,580. The predetermined overhead rate for the year must have been closest to: A. $11. 40 per machine-hour B. $12. 34 per machine-hourC. $12. 06 per machine-hour D. $10. 53 per machine-hour5. Crinks Corporation uses direct labor-hours in its predetermined overhead rate. At the beginning of the year, the estimated direct labor-hours were 11,200 hours and the total estimated manufacturing overhead was $259,840. At the end of the year, actual direct labor-hours for the year were 10,800 hours and the actual manufacturing overhead for the year was $254,840. Overhead at the end of the year was: A. $4,280 overapplied B. $9,280 overapplied C. $9,280 underapplied D. $4,280 underapplied6.Washtenaw Corporation uses a job-order costing system. The following data are for last year: Washtenaw applies overhead using a predetermined rate based on direct labor-hours. What predetermined overhead rate was used last year? A. $3. 55 per direct labor-hour B. $3. 25 per direct labor-hour C. $3. 08 per direct labor-hour D. $3. 36 per direct labor-hour7. A company should use process costing, rather than job order costing, if: A. production is only partially completed during the accounting period. B. the product is manufactured in batches only as orders are received.C. the product is composed of mass-produced homogeneous units. D. the product goes through several steps of production.8. Which of the following characteristics applies to process costing, but does not apply to job order costing? A. The need for averaging. B. The use of equivalent units of production. C. S eparate, identifiable jobs. D. The use of predetermined overhead rates.9. The cost of beginning inventory under the weighted-average method is: A. added in with current period costs in determining costs per equivalent unit for a given period. B. gnored in determining the costs per equivalent unit for a given period. C. considered separately from costs incurred during the current period. D. subtracted from current period costs in determining costs per equivalent unit for a given period.10. The Nichols Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The company recorded 29,500 equivalent units for conversion costs for November in a particular department. There were 6,000 units in the ending work in process inventory on November 30, 75% complete with respect to conversion costs.The November 1 work in process inventory consisted of 8,000 units, 50% complete with respect to conversion costs. A total of 25,000 units were completed and transferred out of the departm ent during the month. The number of units started during November in the department was: A. 24,500 units B. 23,000 units C. 27,000 units D. 21,000 units11. Diston Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The first processing department, the Welding Department, started the month with 18,000 units in its beginning work in process inventory that were 30% complete with respect to conversion costs.The conversion cost in this beginning work in process inventory was $44,820. An additional 90,000 units were started into production during the month. There were 21,000 units in the ending work in process inventory of the Welding Department that were 10% complete with respect to conversion costs. A total of $677,970 in conversion costs were incurred in the department during the month. What would be the cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs for the month? (Round off to three decimal places. ) A. $8. 112 B. $8. 300 C. $7. 533 D. $6. 10812.Sanchez Corporation uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The Fitting Department is the second department in its production process. The data below summarize the department's operations in March. The Fitting Department's cost per equivalent unit for conversion cost for March was $8. 66. How much conversion cost was assigned to the units transferred out of the Fitting Department during March? A. $480,630 B. $450,320 C. $444,258 D. $510,94013. Designing a new product is an example of (an): A. Unit-level activity. B. Batch-level activity. C. Product-level activity. D. Organization-sustaining activity.14. McCaskey Corporation uses an activity-based costing system with the following three activity cost pools: The Other activity cost pool is used to accumulate costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs. The company has provided the following data concerning its costs: The distribution of resource consumption across activity cost pools is given below: The activity rate for the Fabrication activity cost pool is closest to: A. $1. 65 per machine-hour B. $4. 00 per machine-hour C. $0. 0 per machine-hour D. $2. 40 per machine-hour15. Christiansen Corporation uses an activity-based costing system with the following three activity cost pools: The Other activity cost pool is used to accumulate costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs. The company has provided the following data concerning its costs: The distribution of resource consumption across activity cost pools is given below: The activity rate for the Order Processing activity cost pool is closest to: A. $676 per order B. $780 per order C. $560 per order D. $312 per order16.Bossie Corporation uses an activity-based costing system with three activity cost pools. The company has provided the following data concerning its costs and its activity based costing system: How much cost, in total, would be allocated in the first-stage allocation to the Assembly activity cost pool? A. $196,33 3 B. $209,000 C. $310,000 D. $155,00017. Spendlove Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing system: The company makes 430 units of product S78N a year, requiring a total of 1,120 machine-hours, 40 orders, and 30 inspection-hours per year.The product's direct materials cost is $49. 81 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 34 per unit. The product sells for $129. 90 per unit. According to the activity-based costing system, the product margin for product S78N is: A. $4,116. 50 B. $29,132. 50 C. $6,180. 50 D. $5,161. 3018. Wecker Corporation uses the following activity rates from its activity-based costing to assign overhead costs to products: Data concerning two products appear below: How much overhead cost would be assigned to Product V09X using the activity-based costing system? A. 157. 87 B. $91,722. 47 C. $10,385. 22 D. $5,485. 5019. The balance in the Work in Process account equals: A. the balance in the Finished Goods inventory account. B. the balance in the Cost of Goods Sold account. C. the balances on the job cost sheets of uncompleted jobs. D. the balance in the Manufacturing Overhead account.20. Overapplied manufacturing overhead occurs when: A. applied overhead exceeds actual overhead. B. applied overhead exceeds estimated overhead. C. actual overhead exceeds estimated overhead. D. budgeted overhead exceeds actual overhead.

The History of Juneteenth Celebrations

The History of Juneteenth Celebrations Abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth worked tirelessly to free blacks from bondage in the United States. And when President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, it appeared that the peculiar institution known as slavery had met its end. For many African Americans, life remained the same, however. That’s because fierce racial discrimination prevented them from living autonomous lives. More shockingly, some enslaved African Americans had no idea that President Lincoln had signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which mandated that they be set free. In Texas, more than two-and-a-half years passed before slaves received their freedom. The holiday known as Juneteenth Independence Day honors these slaves as well as African-American heritage and the contributions blacks have made to the United States. History of Juneteenth Juneteenth marks the date of June 19, 1865, when Gen. Gordon Granger of the Union Army arrived in Galveston, Texas, to demand that the slaves there be set free. Texas was one of the last states where slavery endured. Although President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, African Americans remained in bondage in the Lone Star State. When Gen. Granger arrived in Texas, he read General Order No. 3 to Galveston residents: â€Å"The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages.† Following Granger’s announcement, the formerly enslaved African Americans broke into celebration. Today that celebration, said to be the oldest black American holiday, is known as Juneteenth. African Americans not only celebrated their freedom, they exercised their new rights by buying land across Texas, namely Emancipation Park in Houston, Booker T. Washington Park in Mexia and Emancipation Park in Austin. Past and Present Juneteenth Celebrations The first massive Juneteenth celebrations kicked off the year after Gen. Granger appeared in Galveston. Historic Juneteenth celebrations included religious services, readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, inspirational speakers, stories from former slaves and games and contests, including rodeo events. Many African Americans celebrated Juneteenth in the same way that Americans generally celebrate the Fourth of July. Today, Juneteenth celebrations feature similar activities. As of 2012, 40 states and the District of Columbia recognize the Juneteenth holiday. Since 1980, the state of Texas has observed Juneteenth as an official holiday known as Emancipation Day. Contemporary celebrations of Juneteenth in Texas and elsewhere include parades and street fairs, dancing, picnics and cookouts, family reunions and historical reenactments. Moreover, President Barack Obama pointed out in his 2009 proclamation of the holiday that Juneteenth â€Å"also serves as a time for reflection and appreciation, and an opportunity for many people to trace their family’s lineage.† While African Americans widely celebrate Juneteenth today, the popularity of the holiday has waned during certain periods, such as World War II. Holiday celebrations of Juneteenth resurrected in 1950, but by the last years of that decade and in the 1960s, Juneteenth celebrations declined once more. Juneteenth became a popular holiday again in a variety of regions during the 1970s. In the early 21st century, Juneteenth is not only a well celebrated holiday, there’s a push to have the 19th of June become a National Day of Recognition for slavery. Call for National Day of Recognition The Rev. Ronald V. Myers Sr., founder and chairman of the National Juneteenth Holiday Campaign and the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation, has asked President Barack Obama to â€Å"issue a presidential proclamation to establish Juneteenth Independence Day as a National Day of Observance in America, similar to Flag Day or Patriot Day.† As an elected official in Illinois, Barack Obama supported legislation for his state to recognize Juneteenth, but the president has yet to make a move that would make Juneteenth a National Day of Recognition. Only time will tell if Juneteenth and the slavery of African Americans is ever acknowledged by the federal government in such an official capacity.

Down With the Five Paragraph Essay!

Down With the Five Paragraph Essay! Writing essays is a skill that will serve kids well throughout their lives. Knowing how to present facts and opinions in an interesting, understandable way is valuable regardless of whether they attend college or go directly into the workforce.   Unfortunately, the current trend  is to focus on a type of writing called the Five Paragraph Essay. This fill-in-the-blank style of writing has one main goal - training students to write essays that are easy to grade in the classroom and on standardized tests. As a homeschooling parent, you can help your children learn to produce informational writing that is meaningful and alive.   The Problem with the Five Paragraph Essay In the real world, people write essays to inform, persuade, and entertain. The Five Paragraph Essay allows writers to  do that but only in a limited way. The structure of the Five Paragraph Essay consists of: An introductory paragraph that states the point to be made.Three paragraphs of exposition that each lay out one point of the argument.A conclusion that sums up the essays content. For beginning writers, this formula can be a good starting place. The Five Paragraph Essay can help young students get beyond the one-paragraph page, and encourage them to come up with multiple facts or arguments. But beyond fifth grade or so, the Five Paragraph Essay becomes an obstacle to quality writing. Instead of learning to develop and vary their arguments, students remain stuck in the same old formula. According to Chicago Public School English teacher Ray Salazar, The five-paragraph essay is rudimentary, unengaging, and useless. SAT Prep Trains Students to Write Poorly The SAT essay format is even worse. It values speed over accuracy and depth of thought. Students are conditioned to turn out a large number of words quickly, rather than to take the time to present their arguments well. Ironically, the Five Paragraph Essay works against the SAT essay format. In 2005, Les Perelman of MIT found that he could predict the score on an SAT essay solely on the basis of how many paragraphs it contained. So to get a top score of six, a test taker would have to write six paragraphs, not five. Teaching Informational Writing Dont feel you need to assign your children school-type writing projects. Real-life writing is often more valuable and more meaningful to them. Suggestions include: Keep a journal. Many kids enjoy keeping a journal or notebook to capture their thoughts. It can be something to share with you (some teachers use journals to communicate with their students; you can do the same) or a private record. Either way provides useful writing practice.Start a blog. Even reluctant writers can become enthusiastic when writing has a purpose. Writing for an audience provides purpose. There are many options for starting a free blog and privacy features offer parents and students control over who reads the content.Write a review. Ask your kids to review their favorite books, video games, movies, restaurants -  the list is endless. Unlike most school-type reports, reviews have to be written with the audience in mind, and they have to be entertaining. They also help kids learn to express opinions and present valid arguments to the reader.Do a research paper. Give your kids essay-writing a purpose by integrating it into a history project or science topic. Let them c hoose an area that interests them and explore it in depth. Writing research papers also gives students practice in critical thinking and evaluating and crediting source material. Essay Writing Resources If you need some guidance, there are some fantastic online resources for writing essays.   How to Write an Essay: 10 Easy Steps. This hyperlinked guide by writer Tom Johnson is a particularly easy-to-follow explanation of essay-writing techniques for tweens and teens. Purdue OWL. Purdue Universitys Online Writing Lab contains sections on the writing process, how to understand an assignment, grammar, language mechanics, visual presentation and more. About.coms Grammar and Composition site has an entire section on Developing Effective Essays. Research Paper Handbook. A handy textbook by James D. Lester Sr. and Jim D. Lester Jr. The Five Paragraph Essay has its place, but students need to using it as a stepping stone, not the final result of their writing instruction. Updated Kris Bales.

Virtual Teams. Eastern Europe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virtual Teams. Eastern Europe - Assignment Example A good way to determine which are best investment locations within Eastern Europe is by comparing the gross domestic product per capita of the Eastern European countries. The countries with the top three gross domestic products per capita in Eastern Europe are Slovenia, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The corresponding gross domestic product per capita of each of these countries is illustrated in the table below. Country Gross domestic product per capita Slovenia $27,149 Czech Republic $21,028 Slovakia $17,630 (Globalpropertyguide). The country with the highest gross domestic product per capita could be considered the most attractive location by a lot of business analyst because the customers in that country have higher buying power. Another important variable to consider are the market and industries that the country has to offer. In Slovenia the service industry accounts for 64% of Slovenia gross domestic product and manufacturing and mining are key economic sectors (CultureGrams). T he majorities of companies in Slovakia are state control which leads to a lot of inefficiencies. Tourism in the Czech Republic is a booming industry. The Czech Republic is the best selection among the different Eastern European nations. This country has a diversified industry segment which includes glass, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and armaments (CultureGrams). The use of virtual teams can help companies achieve better business results. The target country the company selected is the Czech Republic. Since the company does not have any experience in the Czech Republic marketplace the firm should contract a consultant to help them in the process of selecting the virtual team. A local firm that specializes in human resources would be very helpful to access the local talent for the virtual team. The team is going to be composed of 8 people. The company is going to include two managers from its corporate headquarters. The remaining six members will be selected amo ng the local population. Each member will have different academic backgrounds. The six professionals the company will select for the virtual team include an engineer, accountant, marketing specialist, researcher, lawyer, and a scientist. The virtual team will work together to analyze the best business opportunities available in the Czech Republic. The goal of the firm is to achieve market growth by expanding into other markets. The virtual team will utilize multiple technological tools and devices to communicate with each other. The online service Skype will be used as the primary communication tool for team meetings. Skype allows people to communicate while at the same time seeing a video stream of the person. All team members will have smartphones. A smartphone such as an Iphone enables its users to transfer data files from phone to phone. One of the cultural differences between the United States and the Czech Republic is the fact that in the United States the official language is English and the Czech Republic the official language is Slavic. It is important for the American members of the virtual team to understand the customs and traditions of the Czech Republic. For instance in the Czech Republic it is customary go greet a person by shaking hands firmly and saying their last names. In the virtual setting the managers must remember to use the last names of the person. First names are only used among relatives and family members. Another sign of respect in the workplace is addressing both men and women by their professional title. The probability of success of the team depends on a lot of factors. One of the most important aspects of the virtual team project is to have excellent communications among the team

EXPRESSION ON B CELLS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND IN CHRONIC Literature review

EXPRESSION ON B CELLS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKIMIA - Literature review Example Components of the immune system such as the white blood cells protect the body through the creation of specific antigens. However, in some cases, the immune system itself can be a source of problems, such as in autoimmune diseases, where the immune system recognizes cells of the host body as invaders and attacks these. The cells that form an important part of the immune system can also function incorrectly. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one example of a disorder where the cells of the immune system are functioning incorrectly. This is a cancer where the B cells of the immune system are highly activated, show increased levels of proliferation and decreased rates of apoptosis. This results in the accumulation of affected cells, which prevents the immune system functioning normally. This review considers the role that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have on immune system functioning, with a specific focus on CD180 (also known as RP105) and its role on CLL. Toll-like Receptors The imm une system plays a crucial role in protecting the body against pathogens and allows the body to effectively defend itself. One class of molecules that have been shown to have an important role in the effectiveness of the immune system is Toll-like receptors (TLRs). ... Image from Akira et al. (2001) However, while the TLR pathway has been shown to be crucial for the defense and protection of the body, it also can have a significant role in immune system diseases and allergies. This can be due to high levels of signaling or deficiencies of molecules that are involved in the signaling pathway . Thus, TLRs play a significant role in the immune system and related diseases. Understanding their functions both collectively and individual is important to understand the occurrence and progression of many different diseases, as well as looking for treatment for these. Studies have revealed that one potentially important TLR in many immune system diseases is CD180, also known as RP105. This molecule is expressed on the outer membrane of B cells that is known to be a leucine-rich repeat (LLR). LLRs are known to be important in the way in which pathogens within the immune system are recognized. A homolog of the protein has been found on mouse B cells, and has b een associated with a decreased rate of cell death. Experimental evidence shows that cells that were negative for CD180 were susceptible to apoptosis induced by corticosteroids, while those that expressed CD108 were not . In mice, almost all mature B cells expressed CD180; however, this is not true in humans. For example, in individuals suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) almost 16% of patients tested were not expressing CD180 in a significant quantity. Individuals who did not have SLE had a significantly lower average level of CD180 expression than those who were affected with SLE . In humans, CD180 is involved in the recognition of B cells and signaling of lipopolysaccharides. However, little more is known about its function . In mice, almost all

Report on International Issues in ther Hospitality Industry Essay

Report on International Issues in ther Hospitality Industry - Essay Example The competition has been intense like never before and the flow of information is regarded as the key decision making factor. The hospitality industry has also not been as exception either. The overall industry of hospitality has experienced paradigm shifts. As it happens with the service industry, the physical environment and the people have been instrumental for the growth and development of the companies that are into the hospitality industry. The other crucial factor that has been immensely important for the success of the companies in this industry has been the continuous research and innovation. The report studies the essence of innovation in the hospitality industry. There is a long pending debate upon the need and the essence of innovation in the hospitality industry. Many of the experts in the domain of hospitality industry are of the view that the increased focus upon the innovation enhances the cost by huge extent. According to them, the increased cost is no match for the rise in expected revenue and therefore, there is no point in focusing on continuous innovation. But the present day industry thinks in a different way altogether. As the industry has become too dynamic, the market leaders believe that it is no longer possible to meet the changing needs of the customer through the age old traditional methods. The three major factors that shape the need of innovation are as follows: The hotel managers often struggle to differentiate their products or services from that of their competitors. This is so because all the competing hotels produce and cater identical products and the services like lodging and fooding. The onus lies upon the individual hotels to present them in a differentiated way in front of the target group of customers and innovation facilitates the process. There is almost no doubt about the fact that the needs of the customers are changing fast. The life has become

Critically Evaluate The Operations Management Strategy Of Hard Rock Cafe Business Essay

Critically Evaluate The Operations Management Strategy Of Hard Rock Cafe Business Essay Introduction: Operations strategy is the collective concrete actions chosen, mandated, or stimulated by corporate strategy. It is, of course, implemented within the operations function. This operations strategy binds the various operations decisions and actions into a cohesive consistent response to competitive forces by linking firm policies, programs, systems, and actions into a systematic response to the competitive priorities chosen and communicated by the corporate or business strategy. In simpler terms, the operations strategy specifies how the firm will employ its operations capabilities to support the business strategy. Read more: Operations Strategy organization, system, examples, advantages, type, company, business, system, Key success factors, Distinctive competencies, Order winners/qualifiers, The need for an operations strategy http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Operations-Strategy.html#ixzz183Y6GGZ7 The contents of all hard rock cafe operations management strategy is reflected in the strategic decision as follows: Design of Goods and Services. When customers come to the Hard Rock Cafe at any time, they have received excellent service. The Hard Rock Cafà ©s menu changes regularly to give customers the sense of taste and variety of food. The atmosphere is also frequently change over time. The products they sell are always best. For the design, creating products and services are organized and conducted by the three functions. These functions are really needed for the job not only producing products but also necessary for long-term survival of the business. Marketing: Not just providing products to consumers, Hard Rock Cafà © also know how to create demand and supply and service orders on a single product. Production / operation: On providing product delivery to the Hard Rock Cafà © where customers make orders when the customer needs and stay wherever the customer wants. Finance / Accounting: The supply of products to which customers are also simpler for customers to pay cash, and employees can get cash immediately to the bill from small orders, or customers can also use credit cards to pay for larger orders if necessary. Managing Quality Hard Rock cafe always attaches importance to product quality and service quality. In order for products and services better and better, they often set up surveys and solicit customers. This will also be integrated easily what customers like and dislike about products and their services, since there are additional changes to the better business to improve profitability. Process strategy Location strategies Layout of strategies Human resources Supply- chain Management Scheduling Maintenance - Operation Management strategy is the area concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation in support and development of the firms strategic goals. Other areas of concern to operations management include the design and operations of systems to provide goods and services. To put it succinctly, operations management is the planning, scheduling, and control of the activities that transform inputs (raw materials and labor) into outputs (finished goods and services). A set of recognized and well-developed concepts, tools, and techniques belong within the framework considered operations management. While the term operations management conjures up views of manufacturing environments, many of these concepts have been applied in service settings, with some of them actually developed specifically for service organizations. Operations management is also an academic field of study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, use, and control of a manufacturing or service firm and their operations. The field is a synthesis of concepts derived from design engineering, industrial engineering, management information systems, quality management, production management, inventory management, accounting, and other functions. The field of operations management has been gaining increased recognition over the last two decades. One major reason for this is public awareness of the success of Japanese manufacturers and the perception that the quality of many Japanese products is superior to that of American manufacturers. As a result, many businesses have come to realize that the operations function is just as important to their firm as finance and marketing. In concert with this, firms now realize that in order to effectively compete in a global market they must have an operations strategy to support the mission of the firm and its overall corporate strategy. Another reason for greater awareness of operations management is the increased application of operations management concepts and techniques to service operations. Finally, operations management concepts are being applied to other functional areas such as marketing and human resources. The term marketing/operations interface is often used. Read more: Operations Management strategy, levels, manager, model, business, History of operations management, What do operations managers do? http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Operations-Management.html#ixzz17PkUiNy3 Evaluate the challenges posed by globalisation on the role of Operations Management in terms of facility location, cultural differences, distance working, the management of staff and supply chain vulnerability./ Ä Ãƒ ¡nh già ¡ nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng thà ¡ch thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t ra bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸i toà  n cà ¡Ã‚ ºu hà ³a và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  vai trà ² cà ¡Ã‚ »a hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ trà ­ cÆ ¡ sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸, khà ¡c bià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t văn hà ³a, là  m vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡c tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « xa, quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ nhà ¢n vià ªn và   dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢n thÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng dà ¢y chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n cung à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©ng. In this context the Hard Rock Cafà © is a global company to provide the well being of society. These products take on a multitude of forms. These firms produce thousands of complex products every day- to be delivered as the customer ordered them and where the customer want them. Critically examine the contribution of Operations Management to a sustainable organisation in areas such as purchasing supply, transformation and logistics. Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c kià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™m tra sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± Ä‘Ã ³ng gà ³p cà ¡Ã‚ »a hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ cho mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng trong cà ¡c lÄ ©nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c nhÆ ° mua và   cung cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥p, chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i và   hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­u cà ¡Ã‚ ºn Apply project management techniques and methods to Operations Management design, development and implementation activities./ à p dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± à ¡n kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ thuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­t và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng thià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿, phà ¡t trià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n và   thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Critically reflect on international transportation methods and their contribution to Operations efficiency./ Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n à ¡nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  cà ¡c phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ và   Ä‘Ã ³ng gà ³p cà ¡Ã‚ »a hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ Evaluate the impact of risk management policies and techniques on Operations Management strategic and day to day activities./ Ä Ãƒ ¡nh già ¡ tà ¡c Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng cà ¡Ã‚ »a chà ­nh sà ¡ch quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ rà ¡Ã‚ »i ro và   cà ¡c kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ thuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­t và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n là ½ chià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n lÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c và   hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng ngà  y. Evaluate the contribution of IT to supply chain efficiency and effectiveness/ Ä Ãƒ ¡nh già ¡ sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ± Ä‘Ã ³ng gà ³p cà ¡Ã‚ »a CNTT Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ cung cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥p hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ dà ¢y chuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n và   hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ 10 Operation Management Strategy Decisions: Design of goods and services Managing Quality Process strategy Location strategies Layout of strategies Human resources Supply- chain Management Scheduling Maintenance Qs 2: In the light of the above, discuss the operations management challenges and opportunities for Hard Rock when considering an expansion of its business into Hanoi. Ans

Hawthorne Writing Style :: essays papers

Hawthorne Writing Style Nathaniel Hawthorne was a prominent early American Author who contributed greatly to the evolution of modern American literature. A New England native, Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804 and died on May 19, 1864 in New Hampshire. An avid seaman, Hawthorne^s father died in 1808 when Nathaniel Hawthorne was only a young child. After his father^s death, Hawthorne showed a keen interest in his father^s worldwide nautical adventures and often read the logbooks his father had compiled from sailing abroad. Hawthorne was a descendant of a long line of New England Puritans, which sparked his interest in the Puritan way of life. After he graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, Hawthorne returned to his home in Salem were he began to write in semi-seclusion. Hawthorne published his first novel, Fanshawe in 1828. In 1839, Hawthorne was appointed weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House. He later married Sophia Amelia Peabody in 1842. In the following years, Hawthorne wrote his more famous novels which shaped his own literary style, as well as the genres of the romance novel and short story. Eventually, Hawthorne developed a style of romance fiction representative of his own beliefs. Although Nathaniel Hawthorne^s writing style was often viewed as outdated when compared to modern literature, Hawthorne conveyed modern themes of psychology and human nature through his crafty use of allegory and symbolism. To begin with, Hawthorne^s style was commonplace for a writer of the nineteenth century. During the time period in which Hawthorne wrote, printing technology was not yet advanced enough to easily reproduce photographs in books. Therefore, Hawthorne frequently wrote lengthy visual descriptions since his audience had no other means to see the setting of the novel. (Magill:1 840). One example of such descriptions was in The Scarlet Letter when Hawthorne intricately describes the prison door and its surroundings. Another aspect of Hawthorne^s writing which was exclusive to his time period was the use of formal dialogue which remained fairly consistent from character to character (Magill:2 140). Such overblown dialogue was evident in The Scarlet Letter when the dialogue of Pearl, a young child, exhibited no difference from the dialogue of the other characters in the novel. Hawthorne adopted the use of overly formal dialogue partly from a British writer, Sir Walter Scott, whose works were popular in the United States and Great Britain (Magill:1 841). Although Hawthorne^s dialogue was overly formal, it was an accurate tool in describing human emotion (Gale). Absence of character confrontation was another component of Hawthorne^s literary style.

Autobiography of Ruskin Bond Essay

Ruskin Bond was born in a military hospital in [Kasauli] to Edith Clerke and Aubrey Bond. His siblings were Ellen and William. Ruskin’s father was with the Royal Air Force. When Bond was four years old, his mother was separated from his father and married a Punjabi-Hindu, Mr. Hari, who himself had been married once. Bond spent his early childhood in Jamnagar and Shimla. At the age of ten Ruskin went to live at his grandmother’s house in Dehradun after his father’s sudden death in 1944 from malaria. Ruskin was raised by his mother, who remarried an Indian businessman. He completed his schooling at Bishop in Shimla, from where he graduated in 1952 after having been successful in winning several writing competitions in the school like Irwin Divinity Prize, Hailey Literature Prize. Ruskin’s love for books and writing came early to him since his father had surrounded him with books and encouraged him to write little descriptions of nature and he took his son on hikes in the hills. After his high school education he spent four years in England. In London he started writing his first novel, The Room on the Roof, the semi-autobiographical story of the orphaned Anglo-Indian boy Rusty. It won the 1957 John Llewellyn Rhys prize, awarded to a British Commonwealth writer under 30. Bond used the advance money from the book to pay the sea passage to Bombay. He worked for some years as a journalist in Delhi and Dehradun. Since 1963 he has lived as a freelance writer in Mussoorie, a town in the Himalayan foothills. He wrote Vagrants in the Valley, as a sequel to The Room on the Roof. These two novels were published in one volume by Penguin India in 1993. The following year a collection of his non-fiction writings, The Best of Ruskin Bond was published by Penguin India. His interest in the paranormal led him to write popular titles such as Ghost Stories from the Raj, A Season of Ghosts, A Face in the Dark and other Hauntings. The Indian Council for Child Education recognized his pioneering role in the growth of children’s literature in India, and awarded him the Sahitya Academy Award in 1992 for Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra. He received the Padma Shri in 1999. Media-shy, he currently lives in Landour, Mussoorie’s Ivy Cottage, which has been his home since 1964 Filmography Based on Bond’s historical novella A Flight of Pigeons (about an episode during the Indian Rebellion of 1857), the Hindi film Junoon was produced in 1978 by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Shyam Benegal). Ruskin Bond made his maiden big screen appearance with a cameo in Vishal Bhardwaj’s film 7 Khoon Maaf, based on his short story Susanna’s Seven Husbands. Bond appears as a Bishop in the movie with Priyanka Chopra playing the title role.[2] Bond had earlier collaborated with him in the The Blue Umbrella which was also based on his story. Literary style Most of his works are influenced by life in the hill stations at the foothills of the Himalayas, where he spent his childhood. His first novel, The Room On the Roof, was written when he was 17 and published when he was 21. It was partly based on his experiences at Dehra Dun, in his small rented room on the roof, and his friends. Since then he has written over three hundred short stories, essays and novels, including Vagrants in The Valley, The Blue Umbrella, Funny Side Up, A Flight of Pigeons and more than 30 books for children. He has also published two volumes of autobiography. Scenes from a Writer’s Life describes his formative years growing up in Anglo-India; The Lamp is Lit is a collection of essays and episodes from his journal. Bond said that while his autobiographical work, Rain in the Mountains, was about his years spent in Mussoorie, Scenes from a Writer’s Life described his first 21 years. Scenes from a Writer’s Life focuses on Bond’s trip to England, his struggle to find a publisher for his first book The Room on the Roof and his yearning to come back to India, particularly to Doon. â€Å"It also tells a lot about my parents,† said Bond. â€Å"The book ends with the publication of my first novel and my decision to make writing my livelihood,† Bond said, adding, â€Å"basically it describes how I became a writer†. His novel, The Flight of Pigeons, has been adapted into the Merchant Ivory film Junoon. The Room on the Roof has been adapted into a BBC-produced TV series. Several stories have been incorporated in the school curriculum in India, including â€Å"The Night Train at Deoli†, â€Å"Time Stops at Shamli†, and Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra. In 2007, the Bollywood director Vishal Bharadwaj made a film based on his popular novel for children, The Blue Umbrella. The movie Works †¢ House †¢ Garland of Memories †¢ The Boy Who Broke the Bank †¢ Bus Stop, Pipalnagar †¢ Funny Side Up †¢ Rain in the Mountains-Notes from the Himalayas †¢ Our trees still grow in Dehra †¢ A Season of Ghosts †¢ Tigers Forever †¢ A Town Called Dehra †¢ An island of trees †¢ The Night Train at Deoli †¢ A Face in the Dark and Other Hauntings †¢ Potpourri †¢ The Adventures Of rusty †¢ The Lost Ruby †¢ Crazy times with Uncle Ken †¢ The Death Of Trees †¢ Tales and Legends from India †¢ Hip Hop Nature Boy and Other Poems Novels †¢ Room On The Roof †¢ Vagrants in the Valley †¢ Scenes from a Writer’s Life †¢ Susanna’s Seven Husbands †¢ A Flight of Pigeons †¢ Landour Days – A writers Journal †¢ The Sensualist by Ruskin Bond †¢ The Road To The Bazaar †¢ The Panther’s Moon †¢ Once Upon A Monsoon Time †¢ The India I love †¢ The Kashmiri Storyteller †¢ The Blue Umbrella †¢ The Tiger In The Tunnel †¢ Delhi is Not Far †¢ Animal Stories †¢ Funny side up †¢ Ruskin Bond’s children omnibus Ruskin Bond’s autobiography in Penguin’s Independence list âÅ"“ Scenes from a Writer’s Life, the autobiography of eminent English author Ruskin Bond; will be published in September this year as part of Penguin India’s †50 Years of Independence† series. âÅ"“ Bond said that while his earlier autobiographical work, Rain in the Mountains was about his long years spent in Mussoorie, Scenes from a Writer’s Lifedescribed his first 21 years. âÅ"“ â€Å"Looking back, I find that those earlier years of my life have more incidents resulting from youthful enthusiasm,† said the writer. â€Å"Two-thirds of the book talks about my life in Dehra Dun as a young boy,† he added. âÅ"“ Scenes from a Writer’s Life dwells on Bond’s trip to England, his struggle to find a publisher for his first book The Room on the Roof and his yearning to come back to India, particularly to Doon. â€Å"It also tells a lot about my parents,† said Bond. âÅ"“ â€Å"The book ends with the publication of my first novel and my decision to make writing my livelihood,† Bond said, adding, â€Å"Basically it describes how I became a writer.† âÅ"“ Speaking of his life in the mountains over the past four decades, Bond says, â€Å"Given the choice, I would not have done differently. When you have received love from people, and the freedom that only the mountains can give, then you have come very near the borders of heaven.† âÅ"“ Other books to be published by Penguin India as part of this series include Satish Gujral’s A Brush With Life (memoirs), R K Laxman’s comic account of his life titled, The Tunnel of Time, B K Karanjia’s Godrej: A Hundred Years, and R K Narayan’s collection of essays titled How to be a Writer in India and Other Uncollected Essays. âÅ"“ To mark the 50th anniversary of Partition, Penguin India is publishing a selection of stories by Saadat Hasan Manto titled Mottled Dawn: Fifty Sketches and Stories of Partition. Urvashi Butalia’s Partition Voices is a meticulous account of the traumatic event, recorded in the voice of survivors and others on whom Partition left its imprint. âÅ"“ Colours of Independence, a lavishly illustrated art book, is also being brought out on the occasion. In this book, 50 of India’s finest painters and artists interpret, through original paintings and drawings, the 50 key events in the country’s life since Independence. Short Information about Ruskin Bond: âÅ"“ Ruskin Bond was born in Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, on 19th May, 1934, and grew up in Shimla, Jamnagar, Dehradun and Mussoorie. As a young man, he spent four years in the Channel Island and London. He now lives in Landour, Mussoorie, with his adopted family. âÅ"“ In the course of a writing career spanning thirty five years, he has written over a hundred short stories, essays, novels and more than thirty books for children. Three collections of short stories, The Night Train at Deoli, Time Stops at Shamli and Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra have been published by Penguin India. He has also edited two anthologies, The Penguin Book of Indian Ghost Stories and The Penguin Book of Indian Railway Stories. Bonds writing is greatly influenced by the hills, and the valley of Dehra Dun, where he spent his childhood. Ruskin Bonds first novel, The Room on the Roof, written when he was seventeen, won the John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize in 1957. Vagrants in the Valley was also written in his teens and picks up from where The Room leaves off. These two novellas were published in one volume in 1993. His non-fiction writing, Rain in the Mountains was also much acclaimed. Since then he has written several novellas (including Vagrants in the Valley, A Flight of Pigeons and Delhi Is Not Far), essays, poems and children books. Ruskin Bond has also written over 500 short stories and articles that have appeared in a number of magazines and anthologies. His novel, The Flight of Pigeons was adapted into a movie, Junoon. He received the Sahitya Academy Award in 1992 for Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra and the Padma Shri in 1999 for children literature Life and works Bond started displaying his literary talent in England. He wrote his first novel named ‘Room On The Roof’ when he was all of 17 years. The book made him win prestigious ‘John Llewellyn Rhys’ Prize that is awarded to British Commonwealth Writers who are under the age of 30. The book was primarily based in and around Himalayas and was successful in capturing its beauty and ethos in a manner that was never tried before. Its sequel named ‘Vagrants in the Valley’ followed it. Riding on the success of these two novels, Ruskin took the journey back home. Ruskin Bond has now been writing for more than 5 decades. He has stressed more on the local elements of Himalayas in his writings. His writing style is distinct in a way that it tries to make reader understand the landscape and ethos through carefully mastered words. His writings have won him both tremendous critical acclaim as well as a long list of fans through out the literary world. Replete with unassuming humor and quiet wisdom, his stories manifest a deep love for nature and people. His mesmerizing descriptions about the flora and fauna of Himalayas can not be missed in his 100 something short stories, essays, novels, and more than thirty books of children that he has written. His works has inspired several generations of writers, authors and scriptwriters. His novel named ‘The Flight of Pigeons’ has been adapted into the acclaimed Merchant Ivory film Junoon. Another less known novel named ‘The Room on the Roof’ has been adapted in to a BBC produced TV series. Nevertheless his greatest achievement comes from the fact that several of his short stories from his collections have been incorporated in the school curriculum all over India. It includes jewels such as The Night Train at Deoli, Time Stops at Shamli and Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra. In spite of all these successes, Bond can be concluded today as a media-shy and reclusive literary genius. He spends his days with his adopted family at a place close to Dehradun. He received the Sahitya Academy Award for English writing in India for ‘Our Trees Still grows in Dehra’ in 1992. He has also been conferred with Padma Shri, one of the most prestigious civil awards in Ind ia.

Brita Case Essay

The Brita Products Company began in 1988 under the recommendation of Charlie Couric, a marketing executive with the Clorox Company. Optimistic of its capability to be profitable, Clorox acquired the right to market the home water filtration system. Clorox, citing the overriding long-term benefits of continuous filter sales, initially engaged in deficit spending. Such measures paid off and Clorox not only created a $350 million market, but also captured 70% of the market revenue. Brita enjoyed success in the market by creating a perception of better tasting water. However, as ater purification technology improved and consumer awareness increased, taste alone was no longer enough to sustain its massive market share. Consumers are demanding more in terms of health benefits and Brita needs to respond to their growing needs and wants. The market environment is characterized by fast growth. As consumers are becoming more health-conscious, bottled water and water- filtration systems are becoming a necessity for most, with a Brita pitcher in 1 out of 7 homes – 103 million households. Brita’s competitors were unable to effectively rival Brita in pitcher sales. Brita dominated despite many new entrants to the market. However, a small competitor, PUR, launched a different water filtration product. PUR’s faucet-filter system offered added health and convenience benefits that Brita’s pitcher couldn’t provide. Now suddenly, our competitors came up with the first mover product. Thus Couric is considering allocating resources to launch a faucet-mounted filtration system in response to these emerging competitors. Many think Brita needs to capitalize on this opportunity to gain new consumers while their name still remains synonymous with quality and taste. Thus raising the question, how should Brita attempt to further penetrate the market with their products? Lets take a look at the Pros and Cons of each option: Option 1: Implement the new faucet mount filtration system The Purpose This writing aims to present one possible solution to the dilemma that Clorox Company faces. The Clorox Company was the market leader in water filtration in the USA with the Brita Pitcher (one of the Clorox’s most important product), but in 1999 they faced the threat of a new product ‘ the faucet mounted filter. Clorox already had its own version of this new product ready to launch into the market, so the issue was to decide the best of the following strategies: 1 . Continue selling only the current product; 2. Introduce their new faucet mounted filter in addition to the pitcher into the market 2. The Analysis Market Summary Clorox launched in 1988 the Brita Pitcher and after a decade they were the market leaders of water filtration systems with a market share of 69%. After the Brita pitcher launch, the water quality became a growing concern to consumers. This new attitude about the quality of drinking water allowed the purified water market to grow in both bottled water and filter systems. This growing on the water market, allowed Clorox Has not defined product Market segmentation